a. accrued service;
b. compensation;
c. substantive plan provisions, i.e., the plan as it is commonly understood by the plan sponsor and participants, reflecting current benefit administration practice;
d. ancillary benefits, such as disability benefits or death benefits; and
e. automatic cost-of-living adjustments.
Ancillary benefits and early retirement subsidies are deemed to accrue on a pro rata basis over total service. Any benefit that is not based on service is deemed to accrue on a pro rata basis over total service. Benefits that are disproportionately backloaded relative to service are deemed to accrue on a pro rata basis over total service. (Measuring Pension Obligations and Determining Pension Plan Costs or Contributions)